Mutations

Overview

Mutations provide a type-safe API for modifying data. All mutations include:

Three-stage validation (schema → types → constraints)
Automatic safety guards (e.g., UPDATE/DELETE requires WHERE clause)
Rich error messages with suggestions
Debug mode support

Insert

Insert()

Starts a new INSERT operation.

func (e *Engine) Insert(entity string) InsertMutation

string

required

Entity name to insert into (e.g., “User”, “Post”)

Set()

Adds a field value to insert.

func (ib *InsertBuilder) Set(field string, value interface{}) InsertMutation

string

required

Field name

interface{}

required

Value to insert (string, int, float64, bool, time.Time, uuid, etc.)

Execute()

Validates and executes the INSERT operation.

func (ib *InsertBuilder) Execute(ctx context.Context) (*InsertResult, error)

*InsertResult

Result containing the inserted record

InsertResult fields:

interface{}

Primary key of the inserted record

map[string]interface{}

Full inserted record (from RETURNING *)

int

Number of rows inserted (always 1)

Examples:

import (
    "context"
    "log"
    
    "github.com/chameleon-db/chameleondb/chameleon/pkg/engine"
    "github.com/google/uuid"
)

// Basic insert
result, err := eng.Insert("User").
    Set("id", uuid.New().String()).
    Set("email", "ana@mail.com").
    Set("name", "Ana Garcia").
    Execute(ctx)

if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

fmt.Printf("User created with ID: %v\n", result.ID)

// Access full record
fmt.Printf("Email: %s\n", result.Record["email"])
fmt.Printf("Created at: %v\n", result.Record["created_at"])

With debug:

result, err := eng.Insert("Post").
    Set("id", uuid.New().String()).
    Set("title", "My First Post").
    Set("content", "Hello, World!").
    Set("published", false).
    Set("author_id", authorID).
    Debug().
    Execute(ctx)

// Output:
// [ENTITY] INSERT INTO Post
// [SQL] INSERT INTO posts (author_id, content, id, published, title) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5) RETURNING *
// [VALUES] [<uuid> "Hello, World!" <uuid> false "My First Post"]

Update

Update()

Starts a new UPDATE operation.

func (e *Engine) Update(entity string) UpdateMutation

string

required

Entity name to update (e.g., “User”, “Post”)

Set()

Adds a field to update.

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Set(field string, value interface{}) UpdateMutation

string

required

Field name to update

interface{}

required

New value

Filter()

Adds a WHERE condition (required for safety).

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Filter(field string, operator string, value interface{}) UpdateMutation

string

required

Field name to filter on

string

required

Comparison operator: "eq", "neq", "gt", "gte", "lt", "lte", "like"

interface{}

required

Value to compare against

Execute()

Validates and executes the UPDATE operation.

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Execute(ctx context.Context) (*UpdateResult, error)

*UpdateResult

Result containing updated records

UpdateResult fields:

[]map[string]interface{}

All updated records (from RETURNING *)

int

Number of rows updated

Examples:

// Update by ID
result, err := eng.Update("User").
    Filter("id", "eq", userID).
    Set("name", "Ana María Garcia").
    Execute(ctx)

if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

fmt.Printf("Updated %d user(s)\n", result.Affected)

// Update multiple fields
eng.Update("Post").
    Filter("id", "eq", postID).
    Set("title", "Updated Title").
    Set("published", true).
    Set("updated_at", time.Now()).
    Execute(ctx)

// Update multiple rows
result, _ := eng.Update("Post").
    Filter("author_id", "eq", authorID).
    Filter("published", "eq", false).
    Set("published", true).
    Execute(ctx)

fmt.Printf("Published %d posts\n", result.Affected)

// Access updated records
for _, record := range result.Records {
    fmt.Printf("Updated post: %s\n", record["title"])
}

Safety guard:

// This will FAIL (no Filter called)
result, err := eng.Update("User").
    Set("status", "active").
    Execute(ctx)

// Error: UPDATE without filters is blocked

Delete

Delete()

Starts a new DELETE operation.

func (e *Engine) Delete(entity string) DeleteMutation

string

required

Entity name to delete from (e.g., “User”, “Post”)

Filter()

Adds a WHERE condition (required for safety).

func (db *DeleteBuilder) Filter(field string, operator string, value interface{}) DeleteMutation

string

required

Field name to filter on

string

required

Comparison operator

interface{}

required

Value to compare against

Execute()

Validates and executes the DELETE operation.

func (db *DeleteBuilder) Execute(ctx context.Context) (*DeleteResult, error)

*DeleteResult

Result containing number of deleted rows

DeleteResult fields:

int

Number of rows deleted

Examples:

// Delete by ID
result, err := eng.Delete("Post").
    Filter("id", "eq", postID).
    Execute(ctx)

if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if result.Affected == 0 {
    fmt.Println("Post not found")
} else {
    fmt.Printf("Deleted %d post(s)\n", result.Affected)
}

// Delete multiple rows
result, _ := eng.Delete("Post").
    Filter("author_id", "eq", authorID).
    Filter("published", "eq", false).
    Execute(ctx)

fmt.Printf("Deleted %d draft posts\n", result.Affected)

// Delete with comparison
eng.Delete("User").
    Filter("last_login", "lt", "2023-01-01").
    Execute(ctx)

Safety guard:

// This will FAIL (no Filter called)
result, err := eng.Delete("Post").
    Execute(ctx)

// Error: DELETE without filters is blocked

Debug Mode

Debug()

Enables SQL debug output for the mutation.

func (ib *InsertBuilder) Debug() InsertMutation
func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Debug() UpdateMutation
func (db *DeleteBuilder) Debug() DeleteMutation

Examples:

// Insert with debug
eng.Insert("User").
    Set("email", "test@mail.com").
    Set("name", "Test User").
    Debug().
    Execute(ctx)

// Output:
// [ENTITY] INSERT INTO User
// [SQL] INSERT INTO users (email, name) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING *
// [VALUES] ["test@mail.com" "Test User"]
// [TRACE] INSERT on User: 3.2ms, 1 row

// Update with debug
eng.Update("Post").
    Filter("id", "eq", postID).
    Set("published", true).
    Debug().
    Execute(ctx)

// Output:
// [SQL] UPDATE Post
// UPDATE posts SET published = $1 WHERE id = $2 RETURNING *
// [VALUES] [true <uuid>]
// [TRACE] UPDATE on Post: 2.1ms, 1 row

Validation

All mutations go through a three-stage validation pipeline:

1. Schema Validation

Verifies entity and field names exist in the schema.

eng.Insert("UnknownEntity").
    Set("field", "value").
    Execute(ctx)

// Error: UnknownEntityError: Entity 'UnknownEntity' not found in schema
//   Available entities: [User, Post, Comment]

2. Type Validation

Verifies value types match field definitions.

eng.Insert("User").
    Set("age", "not a number").
    Execute(ctx)

// Error: TypeMismatchError: Field 'age'
//   Expected type: int
//   Received type: string (value: "not a number")
//   Suggestion: Use an integer value

3. Constraint Validation

Verifies database constraints (executed at database level).

eng.Insert("User").
    Set("email", "existing@mail.com").
    Execute(ctx)

// Error: UniqueConstraintError: Field 'email' must be unique
//   Value: existing@mail.com
//   Conflict: User(id=123) already has this value
//   Suggestion: Use a different value or update the existing record

Complete Examples

package main

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
    "log"
    
    "github.com/chameleon-db/chameleondb/chameleon/pkg/engine"
    "github.com/google/uuid"
)

func main() {
    ctx := context.Background()
    eng, _ := engine.NewEngine()
    defer eng.Close()
    
    // ... connect to database ...
    
    // 1. Create user
    userResult, err := eng.Insert("User").
        Set("id", uuid.New().String()).
        Set("email", "author@mail.com").
        Set("name", "John Doe").
        Execute(ctx)
    
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    
    userID := userResult.ID
    fmt.Printf("Created user: %v\n", userID)
    
    // 2. Create posts for user
    for i := 1; i <= 3; i++ {
        postResult, err := eng.Insert("Post").
            Set("id", uuid.New().String()).
            Set("title", fmt.Sprintf("Post #%d", i)).
            Set("content", "Content here...").
            Set("author_id", userID).
            Set("published", i == 1). // Only first post published
            Execute(ctx)
        
        if err != nil {
            log.Printf("Failed to create post: %v", err)
            continue
        }
        
        fmt.Printf("Created post: %v\n", postResult.ID)
    }
    
    // 3. Publish all drafts
    updateResult, _ := eng.Update("Post").
        Filter("author_id", "eq", userID).
        Filter("published", "eq", false).
        Set("published", true).
        Execute(ctx)
    
    fmt.Printf("Published %d posts\n", updateResult.Affected)
}

Conditional Updates

func incrementViewCount(eng *engine.Engine, postID string) error {
    // Get current count
    result, err := eng.Query("Post").
        Select("views").
        Filter("id", "eq", postID).
        Execute(context.Background())
    
    if err != nil || result.IsEmpty() {
        return fmt.Errorf("post not found")
    }
    
    currentViews := result.Rows[0].Int("views")
    
    // Update with new count
    _, err = eng.Update("Post").
        Filter("id", "eq", postID).
        Set("views", currentViews+1).
        Execute(context.Background())
    
    return err
}

Batch Operations

func createUsers(eng *engine.Engine, users []map[string]string) error {
    ctx := context.Background()
    
    for _, userData := range users {
        _, err := eng.Insert("User").
            Set("id", uuid.New().String()).
            Set("email", userData["email"]).
            Set("name", userData["name"]).
            Execute(ctx)
        
        if err != nil {
            return fmt.Errorf("failed to create user %s: %w", 
                userData["email"], err)
        }
    }
    
    return nil
}

Go SDK

Rust Core

Overview

Insert

Insert()

Set()

Execute()

Update

Update()

Set()

Filter()

Execute()

Delete

Delete()

Filter()

Execute()

Debug Mode

Debug()

Validation

1. Schema Validation

2. Type Validation

3. Constraint Validation

Complete Examples

Conditional Updates

Batch Operations

See Also

​Overview

​Insert

​Insert()

​Set()

​Execute()

​Update

​Update()

​Set()

​Filter()

​Execute()

​Delete

​Delete()

​Filter()

​Execute()

​Debug Mode

​Debug()

​Validation

​1. Schema Validation

​2. Type Validation

​3. Constraint Validation

​Complete Examples

​Creating Related Records

​Conditional Updates

​Batch Operations

​See Also

Overview

Insert

Insert()

Set()

Execute()

Update

Update()

Set()

Filter()

Execute()

Delete

Delete()

Filter()

Execute()

Debug Mode

Debug()

Validation

1. Schema Validation

2. Type Validation

3. Constraint Validation

Complete Examples

Creating Related Records

Conditional Updates

Batch Operations

See Also