Delete Operations

Overview

Delete operations in ChameleonDB remove records from your database with built-in safety guards. Like updates, all deletes require a WHERE clause to prevent accidental data loss.

Safety First: ChameleonDB requires a Filter() clause for all deletes. Attempting to delete without a filter will result in a SafetyError.This prevents catastrophic mistakes like:

// This will FAIL (no WHERE clause)
db.Delete("User").
    Execute(ctx)

// Error: SafetyError: DELETE requires a WHERE clause
//        Suggestion: Use Filter() or ForceDeleteAll()

Basic Delete

Delete a single record by ID:

import (
    "context"
    "github.com/chameleon-db/chameleondb/chameleon/pkg/engine"
)

ctx := context.Background()

result, err := eng.Delete("User").
    Filter("id", "eq", userID).
    Execute(ctx)

if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

fmt.Printf("Deleted %d rows\n", result.Affected)

Delete with Multiple Filters

Use complex criteria to target specific records:

// Delete all unpublished posts older than 30 days
result, err := eng.Delete("Post").
    Filter("published", "eq", false).
    Filter("created_at", "lt", "2024-01-01").
    Execute(ctx)

fmt.Printf("Deleted %d old drafts\n", result.Affected)

Delete Result

The DeleteResult type shows how many records were removed:

type DeleteResult struct {
    Affected int // Number of rows deleted
}

result, err := eng.Delete("User").
    Filter("email", "eq", "user@mail.com").
    Execute(ctx)

if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if result.Affected == 0 {
    fmt.Println("No records matched the filter")
} else {
    fmt.Printf("Deleted %d record(s)\n", result.Affected)
}

Repository Pattern

Recommended pattern for encapsulating delete operations:

package repository

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
    "github.com/chameleon-db/chameleondb/chameleon/pkg/engine"
)

type UserRepository struct {
    eng *engine.Engine
}

func (r *UserRepository) DeleteByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (int, error) {
    result, err := r.eng.Delete("User").
        Filter("id", "eq", id).
        Execute(ctx)
    
    if err != nil {
        return 0, err
    }
    
    return result.Affected, nil
}

func (r *UserRepository) DeleteInactive(ctx context.Context, beforeDate string) (int, error) {
    result, err := r.eng.Delete("User").
        Filter("last_login", "lt", beforeDate).
        Filter("status", "eq", "inactive").
        Execute(ctx)
    
    if err != nil {
        return 0, err
    }
    
    return result.Affected, nil
}

Foreign Key Handling

When deleting records with relationships, be aware of foreign key constraints:

Cascade Deletes

If your schema defines cascade deletes, related records are removed automatically:

// Schema:
// entity Post {
//     author_id: uuid references User on_delete cascade,
// }

// Deleting a user automatically deletes their posts
result, err := eng.Delete("User").
    Filter("id", "eq", userID).
    Execute(ctx)

// Both user AND all their posts are deleted

Restrict Deletes

If relationships use on_delete restrict, you must delete children first:

// Schema:
// entity Post {
//     author_id: uuid references User on_delete restrict,
// }

// This will FAIL if user has posts
result, err := eng.Delete("User").
    Filter("id", "eq", userID).
    Execute(ctx)

// Error: ForeignKeyError: Cannot delete User
//        User has existing Posts that reference it
//        Suggestion: Delete related Posts first or use CASCADE

// Correct approach: Delete posts first
_, err := eng.Delete("Post").
    Filter("author_id", "eq", userID).
    Execute(ctx)

// Then delete user
result, err := eng.Delete("User").
    Filter("id", "eq", userID).
    Execute(ctx)

Error Handling

import "errors"

result, err := eng.Delete("User").
    Filter("id", "eq", userID).
    Execute(ctx)

if err != nil {
    var fkErr *engine.ForeignKeyError
    if errors.As(err, &fkErr) {
        // User has related records that prevent deletion
        return fmt.Errorf("cannot delete: user has existing posts: %w", err)
    }
    
    var safetyErr *engine.SafetyError
    if errors.As(err, &safetyErr) {
        // Missing WHERE clause
        return fmt.Errorf("delete requires filter: %w", err)
    }
    
    return fmt.Errorf("delete failed: %w", err)
}

if result.Affected == 0 {
    return fmt.Errorf("user not found: %s", userID)
}

Debug Mode

Inspect generated SQL with .Debug():

result, err := eng.Delete("User").
    Filter("id", "eq", userID).
    Debug(). // Shows SQL and arguments
    Execute(ctx)

// Output:
// [SQL] Delete User
// DELETE FROM users WHERE id = $1
// [ARGS] [550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000]
// [TRACE] Delete on User: 0.8ms, 1 rows affected

Full-Table Delete (Use with Extreme Caution)

If you genuinely need to delete all records in a table, use ForceDeleteAll():

// Delete ALL users (requires explicit confirmation)
result, err := eng.Delete("User").
    ForceDeleteAll(). // Explicitly bypass safety check
    Execute(ctx)

if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

fmt.Printf("Deleted all %d users\n", result.Affected)

EXTREMELY DANGEROUS: ForceDeleteAll() bypasses the safety guard and deletes every record in the table. This is irreversible.Only use this when:

You’re in a development/test environment
You have complete backups
You absolutely understand the consequences
You’ve tested the operation thoroughly

NEVER use ForceDeleteAll() in production without:

Multiple levels of approval
Database backups verified within the last hour
A tested rollback plan

Best Practices

Always Verify Before Delete

// Good: Check record exists before deleting
func (r *UserRepository) DeleteByID(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
    // First, verify the user exists
    user, err := r.GetByID(ctx, id)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    if user == nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("user not found")
    }
    
    // Then delete
    result, err := r.eng.Delete("User").
        Filter("id", "eq", id).
        Execute(ctx)
    
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    
    if result.Affected == 0 {
        return fmt.Errorf("delete failed: user not found")
    }
    
    return nil
}

Use Soft Deletes for Important Data

// Instead of hard delete, mark as deleted
func (r *UserRepository) SoftDelete(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
    result, err := r.eng.Update("User").
        Filter("id", "eq", id).
        Set("deleted_at", time.Now()).
        Set("active", false).
        Execute(ctx)
    
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    
    if result.Affected == 0 {
        return fmt.Errorf("user not found")
    }
    
    return nil
}

// Filter out soft-deleted records in queries
func (r *UserRepository) ListActive(ctx context.Context) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
    result, err := r.eng.Query("User").
        Filter("deleted_at", "eq", nil). // Only non-deleted
        Execute(ctx)
    
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    
    return result.Rows, nil
}

Check Affected Count

result, err := eng.Delete("User").
    Filter("id", "eq", userID).
    Execute(ctx)

if err != nil {
    return err
}

if result.Affected == 0 {
    return fmt.Errorf("user not found: %s", userID)
}

if result.Affected > 1 {
    log.Printf("Warning: Deleted %d users (expected 1)", result.Affected)
}

Handle Cascading Deletes Carefully

// Document cascade behavior clearly
func (r *UserRepository) DeleteWithPosts(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
    // This will delete the user AND all their posts (cascade)
    result, err := r.eng.Delete("User").
        Filter("id", "eq", id).
        Execute(ctx)
    
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    
    if result.Affected == 0 {
        return fmt.Errorf("user not found")
    }
    
    log.Printf("Deleted user %s and all associated posts", id)
    return nil
}

Common Patterns

Bulk Delete by Criteria

// Delete all spam posts
result, err := eng.Delete("Post").
    Filter("status", "eq", "spam").
    Execute(ctx)

fmt.Printf("Removed %d spam posts\n", result.Affected)

Delete Old Records

// Delete sessions older than 30 days
thirtyDaysAgo := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -30)

result, err := eng.Delete("Session").
    Filter("created_at", "lt", thirtyDaysAgo.Format(time.RFC3339)).
    Execute(ctx)

fmt.Printf("Cleaned up %d old sessions\n", result.Affected)

Conditional Delete with Verification

func (r *UserRepository) DeleteIfInactive(ctx context.Context, id string, threshold time.Time) error {
    // Only delete if user hasn't logged in since threshold
    result, err := r.eng.Delete("User").
        Filter("id", "eq", id).
        Filter("last_login", "lt", threshold.Format(time.RFC3339)).
        Execute(ctx)
    
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    
    if result.Affected == 0 {
        return fmt.Errorf("user not found or still active")
    }
    
    return nil
}

HTTP Handler Example

import "net/http"

func deleteUserHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    userID := r.URL.Query().Get("id")
    
    if userID == "" {
        http.Error(w, "Missing user ID", http.StatusBadRequest)
        return
    }
    
    result, err := eng.Delete("User").
        Filter("id", "eq", userID).
        Execute(r.Context())
    
    if err != nil {
        var fkErr *engine.ForeignKeyError
        if errors.As(err, &fkErr) {
            http.Error(w, "Cannot delete: user has existing posts", http.StatusConflict)
            return
        }
        
        http.Error(w, "Internal server error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
        return
    }
    
    if result.Affected == 0 {
        http.Error(w, "User not found", http.StatusNotFound)
        return
    }
    
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
}

Use Transactions for Complex Deletes

// Coming in v1.1
func (r *UserRepository) DeleteUserAndData(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
    tx, err := r.eng.BeginTransaction(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    defer tx.Rollback()
    
    // Delete user's posts
    _, err = tx.Delete("Post").
        Filter("author_id", "eq", id).
        Execute(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    
    // Delete user's comments
    _, err = tx.Delete("Comment").
        Filter("user_id", "eq", id).
        Execute(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    
    // Delete user
    result, err := tx.Delete("User").
        Filter("id", "eq", id).
        Execute(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    
    if result.Affected == 0 {
        return fmt.Errorf("user not found")
    }
    
    return tx.Commit()
}

Next Steps

Safety Guards

Learn about ChameleonDB’s mutation safety features

Insert Operations

Create new records with validation

Update Operations

Safely modify existing records

Error Handling

Complete error handling reference

Get Started

Core Concepts

Schema Language

Query System

Mutations

Guides

Security

Overview

Basic Delete

Delete with Multiple Filters

Delete Result

Repository Pattern

Foreign Key Handling

Cascade Deletes

Restrict Deletes

Error Handling

Debug Mode

Full-Table Delete (Use with Extreme Caution)

Best Practices

Always Verify Before Delete

Use Soft Deletes for Important Data

Check Affected Count

Handle Cascading Deletes Carefully

Common Patterns

Bulk Delete by Criteria

Delete Old Records

Conditional Delete with Verification

HTTP Handler Example

Use Transactions for Complex Deletes

Next Steps

Safety Guards

Insert Operations

Update Operations

Error Handling

Get Started

Core Concepts

Schema Language

Query System

Mutations

Guides

Security

​Overview

​Basic Delete

​Delete with Multiple Filters

​Delete Result

​Repository Pattern

​Foreign Key Handling

​Cascade Deletes

​Restrict Deletes

​Error Handling

​Debug Mode

​Full-Table Delete (Use with Extreme Caution)

​Best Practices

​Always Verify Before Delete

​Use Soft Deletes for Important Data

​Check Affected Count

​Handle Cascading Deletes Carefully

​Common Patterns

​Bulk Delete by Criteria

​Delete Old Records

​Conditional Delete with Verification

​HTTP Handler Example

​Use Transactions for Complex Deletes

​Next Steps

Safety Guards

Insert Operations

Update Operations

Error Handling

Overview

Basic Delete

Delete with Multiple Filters

Delete Result

Repository Pattern

Foreign Key Handling

Cascade Deletes

Restrict Deletes

Error Handling

Debug Mode

Full-Table Delete (Use with Extreme Caution)

Best Practices

Always Verify Before Delete

Use Soft Deletes for Important Data

Check Affected Count

Handle Cascading Deletes Carefully

Common Patterns

Bulk Delete by Criteria

Delete Old Records

Conditional Delete with Verification

HTTP Handler Example

Use Transactions for Complex Deletes

Next Steps